Thomas Hardy: naturalist, some poems are similar to previous styles. Wrote for money. Created term “cliffhanger”, shows characters struggles, with passions and other circumstances. Was really old when he wrote the poems we read.

Darkling Thrush- Thomas Hardy; published at dawn of new century, represents pessimism of Author. Transition from Victorian to new ideas. Winter; dark, and morbid. Contrast between rest of world and world inside (coppling gate separates it). Hears sound of Darkling thrush, it’s a happy sound and breaks the morbid surroundings. There is hope.

The Convergence of the Twain: Thomas Hardy; beautiful ship (titanic) sinks into ocean, and now slimy disgusting things crawl over it. All of the luxury falls into ocean, and even fish confused. Description of Iceberg, as more powerful. Not sad poem, no deaths mentioned, talks about human vanity.

Ah, are you digging on my grave?: Thomas Hardy; reflects Hardy’s curiosity about death. Dead woman is talking with person who is digging grave. Tries to guess digger. She wants to be remembered by people alive. Digger is dog, and uncaring of mistress’s grave. Everyone alive forgets about dead. Negative tone (all of Hardy’s works are pretty negative about human nature)

William Butler Yeats: Irish; dramatist. Nobel Prize in Literature.born/educated in Dublin, fascinated by the occult and irish history. As he got older renounced transcendental beliefs.

The Lake Isle of Innisfree: William Butler Yeats; Narrator wants to go to house on Lake, be w/ nature. Always hears the lake, wherever he is. Imagery of scenery. Shift on 2nd to last line. Stay true to hearts core is sometimes a problem<= yeats has this problem.

September 1913: William Butler Yeats; half pence to pence quote. Same year as big strike. Allusion to Edward Fitzgerald + other leaders from “Romantic Ireland”. New merchant class = greedy. Church selling places into heaven (religion= currency).Merchant classing sucking courage out of Ireland. Primarily negative poem. Old patriotic Ireland died. Evokes feelings of regret and admitting. Shift = change in stanza 1 and stanza 2. Merchants pray a lot, but Irish Freedom fighters don’t have time. Admires heros. But deaths pointless, better they dead so they don’t have to see Ireland in such a bad state still.

Easter 1916: William Butler Yeats; motley is worn/and vainglorious quote. He is mourning people who died in Easter 1916 uprising. The people he refers too weren’t really friends, just people he shared drinks with sometimes. Shift appears when it says All changed, all changed.. Mentions four people. One is a woman, who is wealthy and does fighting for independence at night. Pearse executed first, MacDonagh second. Death is inescapable. Was all death in Vain? Death= sleep.

Virginia Woolf: Novelist/Essayist. Interwar era. A woman must have money to be able to write.